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International Boundary Study
No. 93 – December 15, 1969
Niger – Nigeria
Boundary
(Country Codes: NG-NI)
The Geographer
Office of the Geographer
Bureau of Intelligence and Research
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The Geographer
Office of Strategic and Functional Research
Bureau of Intelligence and Research
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY STUDY
No. 93
NIGER - NIGERIA BOUNDARY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. Brief.................................................................................
2
II. Historical Background...............................................
2
III. Treaties ..........................................................................
3
IV. Alignment ......................................................................
8
Article I
–
Description of the Frontier............................
9
Article II – Deflections .................................................... 25
APPENDIX
I. Documents.................................................................... 27
II. Maps ............................................................................... 27
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NIGER - NIGERIA BOUNDARY
I. BRIEF
The Niger - Nigeria boundary is about 930 miles in length. From the tripoint with Dahomey
on the median line of the Niger river, it extends northward and then eastward to the
Republic of Chad tripoint at 13° 42' 29" N. Latitude and approximately 13° 38' E.
Longitude. In the extreme eastern sector, the boundary follows the thalweg of the eastward
flowing Komadugu Yobe for more than 170 miles and then continues for about 16 miles in
Lake Chad to the Chad tripoint. The boundary is demarcated by pillars and the Komadugu
Yobe.
II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The Lagos area of Nigeria was ceded to the United Kingdom by a local monarch in 1861,
and was titled the Settlement of Lagos and Dependencies. In 1863 the Settlement of
Lagos was made a member of the West African Settlements subject to the Governor of
Sierra Leone. During 1874 the Settlement of Lagos was detached from the West African
Settlements, together with the Gold Coast Colony, and formed part of the area
administered by the Governor of the Gold Coast until made a separate colony 12 years
later.
In 1885 the General Act of the Berlin Conference recognized that the upper valley of the
Niger was within the French sphere of influence. During July 1886 the British chartered the
Royal Niger Company which was given authority to administer the interior of Nigeria held
by treaties and concessions.
The Royal Niger Company surrendered its charter in 1899, and the British Government
assumed control of the company's territorial acquisitions in the south by annexing them to
the Niger Coast Protectorate which was renamed the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria in
January 1900. To the north the Royal Niger Company's holdings became the Protectorate
of Northern Nigeria.
In 1901 the so-called third military territory or the military territory of Niger was created in
French West Africa with headquarters at Zinder. For civil affairs the territory was attached
to the Haut Senegal - Niger colony. Niger became a colony in 1922, and the colonial
capital was moved to Niamey in 1926. Following World War II Niger was made an
overseas territory in 1946, became an autonomous member of the French Community in
1958, and was granted independence by France on August 3, 1960.
On January 1, 1914, the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Protectorate
of Northern Nigeria were amalgamated to form a single state called the Colony and
Protectorate of Nigeria. On October 1, 1954, the Federation of Nigeria was proclaimed,
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and exactly six years later in 1960, Nigeria received its independence from the United
Kingdom.
III. TREATIES
An Anglo - French declaration of August 5, 1890 established a boundary between their
respective territories from Say to Lake Chad.
II. The Government of Her Britannic Majesty recognizes the sphere of influence of
France to the South of her Mediterranean possessions, up to a line from Saye [Say]
on the Niger, to Barrawa [Baroua] on Lake Tchad drawn in such manner as to
comprise in the sphere of action of the Niger Company all that fairly belongs to the
Kingdom of Sokoto; the line to be determined by the Commissioners to be
appointed.
Article IV of the Anglo - French Convention of June 14, 1898 modified the 1890 boundary
between their respective spheres of influence and extended the boundary eastward into
Lake Chad.
Starting from the point on the left bank of the Niger indicated in the previous Article,
viz., the median line of the Dallul Mauri, the frontier shall follow this median line until it
meets the circumference of a circle drawn from the centre of the town of Sokoto with
a radius of 100 miles (160 - 932 metres). From this point it shall follow, the northern
arc of this circle as far as its second intersection with the 14th parallel of north
latitude. From this second point of intersection it shall follow this parallel eastward
for a distance of 70 miles (112 - 652 metres); then proceed due south until it
reaches the parallel of 13° 20' north latitude, then eastward along this parallel for a
distance of 250 miles (402 - 230 metres); then due north until it regains the 14th
parallel of north latitude; then eastwards along this parallel as far as its intersection
with the meridian passing 35' east of the centre of the town of Kuka, [Kukawa], and
thence this meridian southward until its intersection with the southern shore of Lake
Chad.
An Anglo - French Convention of April 8, 1904 revised the 1898 boundary. It also afforded
the initial alignment of the present Niger - Nigeria boundary, subject to the details and
changes contained in the delimitation convention of May 29, 1906 and the demarcation
agreement of February 19, 1910. Article VIII of the Convention of 1904 is as follows:
VIII. To the east of the Niger the following line shall be substituted for the boundary
fixed between the French and British possessions by the Convention of the 14th
June, 1898, subject to the modifications which may result from the stipulations
introduced in the sixth and seventh paragraphs of the present Article.
Starting from the point on the left bank of the Niger laid down in Article III of the
Convention of the 14th June, 1898, that is to say, the median line of the Dallul Mauri,
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the frontier shall be drawn along this median line until it meets the circumference of
a circle drawn from the town of Sokoto as a centre, with a radius of 160,932 metres
(100 miles). Thence it shall follow the northern arc of this circle to a point situated 5
kilom. south of the point of intersection of the above-mentioned arc of the circle with
the route from Dosso to Matankari via Maourede.
Thence it shall be drawn in a direct line to a point 20 kilom. north of Konni (Birni-
N'Kouni), and then in a direct line to a point 15 kilom. south of Maradi, and thence
shall be continued in a direct line to the point of intersection of the parallel of 13° 20'
north latitude, with a meridian passing 70 miles to the east of the second
intersection of the 14th degree of north latitude and the northern arc of the above-
mentioned circle.
Thence the frontier shall follow in an easterly direction the parallel of 13° 20' north
latitude until it strikes the left bank of the River Komadugu Waube (Komadougou
Ouobe), [Komadugu Yobe], the thalweg of which it will then follow to Lake Chad. But
if, before meeting this river, the frontier attains a distance of 5 kilom. from the
caravan route from Zinder to Yo, through Sua Kololua (Soua Kololoua), Adeber, and
Kabi, the boundary shall then be traced at a distance of 5 kilom. to the south of this
route until it strikes the left bank of the River Komadugu Waube (Komadougou
Ouobe), it being nevertheless understood that, if the boundary thus drawn should
happen to pass through a village, this village, with its lands, shall be assigned to the
Government to which would fall the larger portion of the village and its lands. The
boundary will then, as before, follow the thalweg of the said river to Lake Chad.
Thence it will follow the degree of latitude passing through the thalweg of the mouth
of the said river up to its intersection with the meridian running 35' east of the centre
of the town of Kouka, and will then follow this meridian southwards until it intersects
the southern shore of Lake Chad.
It is agreed, however, that, when the Commissioners of the two Governments at
present engaged in delimiting the line laid down in Article IV of the Convention of the
14th June, 1898, return home and can be consulted, the two Governments will be
prepared to consider any modifications of the above frontier line which may seem
desirable for the purpose of determining the line of demarcation with greater
accuracy. In order to avoid the inconvenience to either Party which might result from
the adoption of a line deviating from recognized and well-established frontiers, it is
agreed that in those portions of the projected line where the frontier is not
determined by the trade routes, regard shall be had to the present political divisions
of the territories so that the tribes belonging to the territories to Tessaoua - Maradi
and Zinder shall, as far as possible, be left to France, and those belonging to the
territories of the British zone shall, as far as possible, be left to Great Britain.
It is further agreed that, on Lake Chad, the frontier-line shall, if necessary, be
modified so as to assure to France a communication through open water at all
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seasons between her possessions on the north-west and those on the south-east of
the Lake, and a portion of the surface of the open waters of the Lake at least
proportionate to that assigned to her by the map forming Annex 2 of the Convention
of the 14th June, 1898.
In that portion of the River Komadugu [Yobe] which is common to both Parties, the
population on the banks shall have equal rights of fishing.
An Anglo - French delimitation convention of May 29, 1906
1
(accompanied by two maps)
provided a detailed description of the Niger - Nigeria boundary which served as the basis
for the demarcation of the line contained in the Anglo - French Agreement of February 19,
1910. During the demarcation of the boundary, the 1906 delimitation was changed in
several places as listed in Article II, Deflections, of the Agreement of 1910. The
demarcation of the boundary is afforded in Part III, Alignment, of this study, and the
Deflections following the demarcation must be applied to make the delimitation of 1906
conform to the present alignment in its entirety. The delimitation of May 29, 1906 without
the deflections is as follows:
"Leaving the last boundary-post erected in 1900 by the Anglo - French Boundary
Commission on the road from Ilo to Madekali, at a distance 16,093 metres (10
miles) from the centre of the village of Guiris (Giri) (Port of Ilo), the frontier crosses
the Niger and runs to the valley of the Foga (Dallul Mauri), following straight lines
which are determined by five points placed as follows:--
The first on the road from Korkova to Tunuga, at a distance of 5 kilom. from
the village of Korkova.
The second on the road from Tunuga to Kangakoe, at a distance of 5 kilom.
from the village of Tunuga.
The third on the road from Tunuga to Komba, half-way between these two
villages.
The fourth on the road from Komba to Sabunbirni, half-way between these
two villages.
The fifth on the road from Komba to Bengu, half-way between these two
villages.
Thence the frontier will run first in a north-easterly and then in a northerly direction, so
as to pass parallel to and at a distance of 10 kilom. to the east of the road from
Bengu to Matankari.
1
Later the same year, by notes exchanged at Paris on October 19, an agreement terminated the northern
point of the Dahomey - Nigeria boundary at the median line of the Niger river. Thus, the Dahomey tripoint
with the Niger - Nigeria boundary is considered to be located on the median line of the Niger.
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This road is determined by the following points:--
Banna, Yellu, the Well of Angua-n'Iliaso, Bale, Goru, Kisamu, Kuduru, Tullu, Baoda,
Makarua, Lokoko, Beibei, Maizari, Dumega, Angua-n-Ouri, Wassadeaki, Bischimi,
Kiada (Tiada), Nassarawa, the pool called Tabki-M'budu, Angua Nana, and
Dogunduchi [Dogondoutchi].
The frontier will follow the line thus laid down as far as a point situated 10 kilom. to
the east of the cairn already erected on Budu Hill. Thence it will follow a series of
straight lines through four points placed as follows:--
The first, 5 kilom. to the west of Kwardana;
The second, 5 kilom. to the south of that village;
The third, 5 kilom. to the south of Kwariawa;
The fourth, 5 kilom. to the south of Bazaga.
From the last-named point it will follow a line drawn parallel to and at a distance of 5
kilom. to the south of the road from Bazaga to Malbaza, which passes through
Massalata, Birni n'Konni. [Birni N Konni], Tierassa, and Sarnawa as far as a point
situated 5 kilom. to the south of the village of Malbaza.
The frontier will then run in a series of straight lines:--
1. To a point half-way between the villages of Chigio and Gida n'Seriki
Koma, on the road from Wurnu to Chara.
2. To a point 5 kilom. to the north of the village of Antudu, situated on the
road from Wurnu to Sabon Birni.
3. To a point 10 kilom. from the centre of Sabon Birni, measured along the
road from Sabon Birni to Chara.
4. To a point 5 kilom. to the north of the village of Gida n'Mai Mai.
5. To a point half-way between Sabon Birni and Gida n'Karri, on the road
from Sabon Birni to Chibiri.
6. To a point half-way between Sansanne-Aisa to Chibiri, on the road
connecting these two places.
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The frontier will then pass round the Sultanate of Maradi in a series of straight lines
traversing--
1. A point 10 kilom. to the west of the village of Fiawa.
2. A point 10 kilom. south of Gida n'Gafey.
3. A point 10 kilom. south of Kandavai.
It is, however, understood that the frontier thus traced to the south of the Sultanate of
Maradi shall not extend south of the parallel of 13° north.
From the last-named point, 10 kilom. to the south of Kandavai, the frontier will be so
drawn as to intersect the Maradi - Katsena road at a point situated half-way
between Kandavai and Katsena. Continuing thence in a straight line, it will reach
first a point situated on the Katsena - Tessawa road, equidistant from the villages of
Gida n'Duma, and Yenkeisga; next a point on the Gallo-Raffa road, equidistant from
the wells of Katafa and Gobromaggi, and then a point 5 kilom. to the south-west of
the village of Regia Mata. Thence it will follow a line drawn parallel to and 5 kilom.
to the south-west of the road from Regia Mata to Zango (on which are placed the
villages of Kollema, Garato, Beri Beri, Memaji, Gallu, Danberto, Adamawa, and
Gemi), as far as a point situated 7 kilom. to the west of the centre of the village of
Zango.
Thence the frontier will be drawn so as to intersect--
1. The Zango - Gemi road, half-way between these two places.
2. The Zango - Dumbi road, half-way between these two places; and will
then pass--
1. 8 kilom. north-east of Sara.
2. 13 kilom. north-east of Shadere.
3. 10 kilom. north-east of Dasha.
4. 8 kilom. north of Baoure.
5. 7 kilom. north of Bure.
6. 7 kilom. north-east of the last-named place.
7. 5 kilom. south of Karagua, of which the latitude is approximately 12°
48' north, the longitude 9° 37' east of Greenwich.
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8. 5 kilom. east of the above-mentioned village of Karagua.
9. 5 kilom. west of the centre of the village of Bilamgari.
The frontier will then intersect--
1. The Machena - Lagwankaka road, half-way between these two places.
2. The Komi - Gumshi road, half-way between these two places.
3. The Buburua - Maiori road, half-way between these two places.
4. The road from Sunda Sunda to Gurselik, half-way between these two
places, and will reach a point situated 5 kilom. to the south of the village of
Zumba.
From the last-named point the frontier will follow a line drawn parallel to and 5 kilom.
to the south of the road from Gurselik to Adubur, which passes through Zumba and
Judkorum, until this line strikes the thalweg of the river Komodugu Yobe, then it will
follow the thalweg of the said river as far as Lake Chad.
From the mouth of the Komodugu-Yobe in Lake Chad the frontier will follow towards
the east the parallel of latitude, passing through the thalweg of the mouth of the said
river as far as a point situated at a distance 35 kilom. from the centre of the village
of Bosso. From this point it will run in a straight line to the point of intersection of the
13th parallel of north latitude with the meridian running 35' east of the centre of the
town of Kukawa, the meridian mentioned in the Conventions of the 14th June, 1898,
and the 8th April, 1904.
Northward from the Chad - Niger - Nigeria tripoint to Molo, the Chad - Nigeria
boundary was determined initially in accordance with a convention signed by the
Commanding Officers of the Chad and Niger military territories. It was approved on
February 11, 1912, subject to adherence by the Governors General of French
Equatorial Africa and French West Africa.
IV. ALIGNMENT
The Anglo - French demarcation agreement of February 19, 1910 affords the present
alignment of the Niger - Nigeria boundary. Fourteen maps also were signed by the
boundary commissioners of both states indicating the boundary as finally demarcated. The
alignment of the boundary in these maps differed from the two maps accompanying "Treaty
Series No. 14 (1906)" on the Niger - Nigeria boundary only to the slight extent contained in
Article II, Deflections of the Anglo - French agreement of 1910. Although the 14-sheet
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series is not held in Washington, the British TSGS 2388 map series consisting of nine
provisional sheets of the boundary is available. The nine maps appear to be in agreement
with the present boundary alignment and probably served as a basis for the 1910
agreement.
Article I, Description of the Frontier, and Article II, Deflections, of the agreement of 1910
are as follows:
Article I. Description of the Frontier.
The frontier follows a straight line from beacon to beacon.
For convenience of reference the list of beacons is given in tabular form with the following
conventions--
1. The boundary beacons are described according to the following system of
classification--
Class A.--A group of four palm-tree posts disposed round a fifth central post which
carries a tri-colour enamelled iron plaque, 8 inches by 6 inches, with the inscription--
Delimitation 1907.
Borne No.______
The number on the plaque is the number of the beacon referred to in the Table and
on the map.
Class B.--A conical pillar built of dry stone, cemented on top except where stated, to
which is fixed the numbered plaque above mentioned.
Class C.--The upper length of an iron telegraph pole of Northern Nigeria pattern, 15
feet long, fixed in the ground at a depth of 4 feet to 5 feet, carrying at the top the
numbered plaque above mentioned, and generally cemented at the base.
Class D.--The cast-iron base socket, 5 feet long, of an iron telegraph pole, fixed
point uppermost in the ground, at a depth of 3 feet. The numbered plaque is fixed to
a tree close by.
Class E.--A tree, stripped of all except the upper branches, to which the numbered
plaque is fastened at a height of 10 feet to 15 feet above the ground. A clearing has
been formed around the tree.
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2. All bearings are true bearings from north round by east. They must not be taken as
mathematically exact. Any case where the position of the frontier intermediate to two
beacons is in doubt must be settled by tracing on the ground the straight line between the
two beacons.
3. All distances between beacons, and also those whose bearings are given in degrees,
are measured in a straight line. All other distances are measured along native tracks in
question. Except in certain cases all distances are given in round numbers to the nearest
100 metres, and must not be taken as mathematically exact.
4. The first village mentioned in the description of the position of a beacon is in British
territory in the English text, and in French territory in the French text.
5. In cases where a beacon has disappeared and a doubt should arise in consequence as
to the exact position where it was placed by the Commissioners, the position must be
determined by reference solely to the distances given in the column headed "Position."
Should, however, the roads and localities therein mentioned have disappeared since the
passage of the Commission, then the position of the beacon in question must be
determined by reference to the figures given in the columns headed "Bearing" and
"Distance."
Table of Beacons
No. Description Position Bearing--Distance--
From preceding Beacon
Degrees. Metres.
-- Last boundary mark On the road from ...
erected in 1900 Illo to Madekali,
by the 16,093 metres from
Anglo - French centre of Giri
Boundary (Port of Illo).
Commission
1 Class A. A small At edge of creek, 48 1/2 7,400
cemented stone 180 metres from
beacon is placed centre of Dole,
on a rise bearing 135°
70 metres distant,
bearing 49°
2 Class A. ... ... South side of Korkova 48 1/2 3,600
--Dole road, 3,700
metres from centre
of Dole
3 Class B. ... ... North side of 48 1/2 4,200
Korkova--Tunuga
road, 5,000 metres
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from centre of
Korkova.
4 " ... ... South side of 350 5,900
Kangakoe--Tunuga
road, 5,200 metres
from north-east gate
of Tunuga.
5 " ... ... North side of 296 3,900
Komba--Tunuga
road, near salting
named Tunga Magaji,
3,300 metres from
west gate to Komba.
6 " ... ... North side of an 296 800
alternative Komba
--Tunuga road, 3,500
metres from west
gate of Komba.
7 Class A. Four tall On a sand-hill close 351 1/2 3,600
palm-tree trunks, to south-west side
with a small of Komba--Sabonbirni
stone beacon in road, 3,800 metres
the centre. from west gate of
Komba.
8 Class B. ... ... East side of Komba-- 356 1/2 6,100
Bengu road, 8,800
metres from centre
of each village.
9 " ... ... 20 metres south of 45 8,800
Fingila--Bengu road,
10,500 metres from
north-west corner of
Bengu town wall.
10 " ... ... South side of Gode-- 353 6,900
Bengu road, 11,400
metres from north-
west corner of
Bengu town wall.
11 Class B. ... ... On a small conical 337 1/2 10,400
spur south of Gode
--Bana road, 150
metres west of
point where road
enters the defile,
and 12,700 metres
from centre of Bana.
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12 " ... ... South side of Gode-- 8 10,800
Yelu road, on top
of the cliff crossed
by the road, 9,300
metres from west
gate of Yelu.
13 " ... ... South side of Zogirma 22 1/2 5,700
--Yule road, 1,700
metres west of top
of cliff, and 10,700
metres from west
gate of Yelu.
14 " ... ... South side of Debbe-- 352 15,600
Bara road, 4,800
metres from Debbe
well, and 10,100
metres from the
cross roads near
Kutumbu water hole.
15 " ... ... North side of Tilli-- 360 12,800
Junju road, 11,400
metres from Furore
(centre).
16 " ... ... East side of Gidarri 49 1/2 16,800
--Tombo--Kuduru
road, 1,700 metres
from well of Gidarri.
17 " ... ... West side of Kuri-- 54 1/2 9,300
Kuduru road, 450
metres south of the
pool Tabkin Banguberi.
18 " ... ... West side of Tsafedzi 60 5,700
--Makarua road, 1,600
metres from point
where the road
descends from the
plateau.
19 " ... ... East side of Fiaski 53 8,400
(well)--Matachi road,
3,200 metres from
Fiaski, on the brow
of the hill.
20 " ... ... West side of Aljenna 33 6,200
--Kwatadey road, on
top of cliff south
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of Kwatadey.
21 " ... ... West side of Bwi-- 30 6,100
Kafiru road, 1,700
metres from east
gate of Kafiru.
22 " ... ... South side of Rimau-- 30 800
Kafiru road, 1,500
metres from east
gate of Kafiru.
23 Class B. ... ... South side of Galewa 34 2,300
(uncemented) --Kafiru road,
3,000 metres from
west gate of Kafiru.
24 " ... ... North side of Galewa 40 2,300
--Kaokao road,
1,700 metres from
centre of Galewa.
25 Class E. ... ... West side of Galewa 51 1,700
--Gidodam road,
1,700 metres from
centre of Galewa.
26 Class B. ... ... North side of Jantullu 24 3,500
--Gidodam road,
4,800 metres from
north-west gate of
Jantullu.
27 " ... ... East side of Jantullu 28 6,000
--Falakari road,
1,400 metres from
well of Falakari.
28 Class E. ... ... East side of Hudussu 9 500
--Falakari road,
900 metres from
well of Falakari.
29 Class B. ... ... North side of Lema-- 46 2,600
Birnin Fala road,
under cliff, 3,600
metres from east
gate of Bernin Fala.
30 " ... ... South side of Sakwabe 12 18,800
--Tombo--Nassarawa
road, 500 metres
east of well of Tombo.
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31 " ... ... 250 metres south of 360 35,600
Kauara--Zigola road,
5,000 metres from
Zigola (centre).
32 " ... ... North side of Gurrdam 90 10,100
--Kauara road,
1,400 metres from
Kauara (centre).
33 " (uncemented) At the side of Bale-- 47 33,600
Kolmey road, 11,400
metres from centre
of Kolmey, near
rocky hill named
Bakantsauna.
34 Pile of ant-heap North side of Sokwei 75 1/2 8,400
clay, surrounded --Kolmey road,
by stakes 19,100 metres from
Kolmey; district
known as Yatagimba.
35 Class B. ... ... East side of Bagidda 78 33,400
(uncemented) --Baizu road, 10,900
metres from Bagidda
(centre).
36 Class B. ... ... In the bush, bearing 69 4,000
270°, distant 5,000
metres from well of
Kwardanna.
37 " ... ... East side of Bagidda 135 5,600
--Kwardanna road,
4,200 metres from
well of Kwardanna.
38 Class B. ... ... West side of Ruahurri 106 4,600
--Kwardanna road,
6,600 metres from
well of Kwardanna.
39 " ... ... West side of Ruahurri 89 1/2 3,000
--Kwariawa road,
5,200 metres from
well of Kwariawa.
40 " ... ... East side of Tsoni-- 89 1/2 2,900
Mazoji--Bazaqa road,
500 metres from
centre of Mazoji.
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41 " ... ... East side of Sarama-- 77 1/2 7,900
Farsawa road, 600
metres from centre
of Farsawa on a spur
of the hill.
42 " ... ... East side of Sarama-- 96 1/2 5,400
Ambuta road, 700
metres from south
side of Ambuta.
43 " ... ... At the side of Sarama 94 1/2 5,800
--Massalata road,
5,000 metres from
Massalata (centre).
44 " ... ... East side of Rumji-- 104 3,300
Massalata road,
5,000 metres from
Massalata (centre).
45 " ... ... West side of Kalmallo 77 1/2 4,500
--Birnin Konni road,
5,000 metres from
west gate of Birnin
Konni.
46 " ... ... East side of Illela-- 77 2,400
Birnin Konni road,
5,000 metres from
west gate of Birnin
Konni.
47 " ... ... East side of 42 1/2 8,800
Rungamawa--Tierassa
road, 1,000 metres
from Rungamawa
(centre).
48 " ... ... East side of 40 3,300
Rungamawa--Tsarnawa
road, 3,700 metres
from Rungamawa
(centre).
49 " ... ... In the bush, bearing 70 11,600
170°, 2,900 metres
from centre of Mazoge.
50 " ... ... West side of Keri-- 79 8,500
Malbaza road, 5,100
metres from centre of
Malbaza.
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51 " ... ... West side of Gadda 111 1/2 3,100
--Malbaza road,
7,900 metres from
centre of Malbaza.
52 Class B. ... ... East side of Gadda 117 8,900
--Dogarawa road,
9,800 metres from
Gadda (centre).
53 " ... ... East side of Kaffe 109 8,300
--Galmi road, 600
metres north of
wells of Bigal.
54 " ... ... 300 metres west of 112 8,900
Kaffe--Gidan
Bugaji--Chigio
road, 1,100 metres
north Gidan Bugaji
on a path along-
side main road
following foot of
hills.
55 " ... ... East side of Gadabu 110 5,900
--Kumassa road,
4,100 metres south
of the well on the
road, 10,800 metres
from Kumassa.
56 Class E. ... ... East side of 108 29,300
Angualale--Rabami
road, 10,300 metres
from Angualale
(centre).
57 Class C. ... ... In the bush, bearing 117 7,600
360°, distant 5,000
metres from centre
of Antudu.
58 Class D. ... ... East side of 69 8,900
Malambuzu--Rabami
road, 3,800 metres
from right bank of
Gulbin Rima.
59 " ... ... East side of Gidan 86 5,100
Meimei--Gidan Jibo
road, 7,200 metres
from centre of
Gidan Meimei.
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60 " ... ... North side of 117 1/2 18,400
Sabonbirni--
Dangari--Maradi
road, 1,700 metres
east of centre
of Dangari.
61 " ... ... East side of 135 39,700
Kamerawa--Tibiri
road, 2,800 metres
north of pool
Tabkin Firi or
Baban Rafi.
62 Class E. A heap South side of 148 1/2 25,300
of shingle is Mashema--Tokarawa
at foot of tree. road, 18,100 metres
from Mashema
(centre).
63 Class B. ... ... South-east side of 142 20,900
Zurumi-Rurka road,
2,400 metres south
of rocks named
Duchin Chirgi.
64 " (small)... ... 80 metres from right 90 11,800
bank of River
Haranawa, 350
metres south of
centre of Dufambara.
65 A post carrying North side of Zandam 73 10,000
the plaque fixed --Dufambara road,
in a heap of 10,500 metres from
shingle Dufambara.
surrounded by
stakes.
66 Class B. ... ... North side of Jibia-- 40 10,300
--Kototua road,
1,500 metres from
Jibia North
village (centre)
67 " ... ... West side of 40 3,400
Jibia--Birnin Kaura
road, 1,300 metres
south of Gidan
Dangaladima.
68 Class E. A small South side of Kaga-- 99 1/2 3,600
heap of shingle Birnin Kaura road,
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is placed at a 3,500 metres from
foot of tree. Makada.
69 A granite boulder 50 metres from right 107 6,900
7 feet high, on bank of the stream
top of which the Koramma Daddara,
plaque is set in 4,100 metres from
cement. Kaga (centre).
70 Class B. ... ... North side of Katsina 93 1/2 8,900
--Kandare road,
1,500 metres east of
Daddara stream
crossing.
71 Class D. ... ... South-west side of 59 5,200
Kusa--Jima road,
10,000 metres from
centre of Kusa.
72 Class B. ... ... 40 metres east of 59 9,800
Sayi--Dambo road,
3,200 metres from
centre of Sayi.
73 Class D. ... ... East side of 59 9,600
Dogondawa--Dagazari
road, 2,600 metres
from Dogondawa
(centre).
74 " ... ... East side of 59 7,600
Gisserawa--Rizia
Kaura road, by a
pool 1,200 metres from
Rizia Kaura (centre).
75 " ... ... East side of Gidan 59 13,500
Kuntu--Agie road,
2,700 metres from
Gidan Kuntu (centre).
76 Class B. ... ... East side of Gidan 59 7,500
Duma--Gangara road,
1,800 metres from
centre of Gidan
Duma.
77 Class D. ... ... East side of Gidan 96 1/2 5,900
Danbaba--Rogogo
road, 4,500 metres
from Gidan Danbaba
(centre).
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78 Class E. ... ... West side of Bamli 96 1/2 7,500
--Gidan Adamu
road, 5,800 metres
north of Birnin
Moma.
79 Class E. ... ... South side of Bamli-- 96 1/2 5,600
Birnin Kuka--Rizia
Malam road, 2,000
metres from Birnin
Kuka (centre).
80 Class D. The East side of 96 1/2 8,200
plaque is fixed Gobromaji well--
on a tree bearing Katafa well road,
west 50 metres 1,350 metres from
distant. each well.
81 Large stone 2 feet North-west side of 119 6,200
high set on Hamiss--Rizia Mata
cement foundation road, 5,000 metres
with cement cap. from centre of
Plaque on tree Rizia Mata.
bearing 345° 40
metres distant.
82 Class C. The North-west side of 108 4,700
plaque is on a Makerowa--Kolma
neighbouring tree. road, 800 metres
from centre of
Makerowa.
83 Class C. ... ... East side of Dagura 135 6,200
--Dantikiara road,
1,100 metres from
south edge of
Dantikiara.
84 Class B. ... ... West side of Maludu 111 6,500
--Beriberi road,
2,000 metres from
centre of Maludu.
85 Class C. ... ... West side of 135 4,500
Muturrumi--Maimujia
road, 900 metres
from centre of
Maimujia.
86 " ... ... West side of 131 5,500
Sofonbirni--
Dambartu road,
4,700 metres
from Dambartu
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(centre).
87 " ... ... North side of 130 1/2 4,900
Kulansami--Adamawa
road, 700 metres
from Kulansami
(centre).
88 " ... ... South side of Daura-- 133 1/2 7,100
Tsamia--Gieni road,
3,000 metres from
centre of Tsamia.
89 " ... ... North side of Daura-- 149 2,600
Ika--Zongo road,
7,700 metres from
west gate of Zongo
The frontier does
not cross this
road.
90 " ... ... East side of Zongo-- 66 1/2 5,600
Gieni road, 3,500
metres from west
gate of Zongo.
91 " ... ... East side of Zongo-- 91 4,000
Daombey road, 2,900
metres from east
gate of Zongo.
92 " ... ... North side of Zongo-- 112 5,600
Dambadada road,
6,500 metres from
east gate of Zongo.
93 Class C. ... ... North side of 131 4,300
Herdaji--Tumfafi
road, 1,700 metres
from west gate of
Herdaji.
94 " ... ... East side of Dichi 136 6,500
--Yekua road, 900
metres from east
gate of Dichi.
95 " ... ... East side of Gomba-- 155 5,000
Dunawa road, 2,200
metres from Dunawa
West village.
96 " ... ... North side of 114 6,800
Bechia--Jelgawassa
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road, 1,100 metres
from west gate of
Jelgawassa.
97 " ... ... West side of Baure-- 101 1/2 4,800
Bachebache road,
1,700 metres from
south gate of
Bachebache.
98 " ... ... East side of Kaggera 108 1/2 7,800
--Arko road, 600
metres from west
gate of Arko.
99 " ... ... West side of Dandogo 112 7,300
--Dambarde road,
300 metres from
north gate of
Dandogo.
100 " ... ... East side of 105 6,500
Taramnawa--Galawa
road, 900 metres
north of west gate
Taramnawa.
101 " ... ... At cross roads Salei 104 1/2 5,800
--Angua Dashi and
Barbera--Dandakei,
230 metres from
Angua Dashi.
102 Class E. ... ... West side of Barbera 91 1/2 4,000
--Kiaoshe road, 800
metres from Kwadege
well.
103 Class C. ... ... At cross roads Kabobi 91 1/2 4,400
--Zamoo and Jeiki--
Maidodo, 2,200
metres from Zamoo
(centre).
104 " ... ... West side of Jeiki-- 91 1/2 2,800
Danchiao road,
1,400 metres from
centre of Jeiki.
105 " ... ... East side of Maifaru 91 1/2 3,200
--Danchiao road,
1,000 metres from
centre of Maifaru.
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106 " ... ... West side of Maizuo 91 1/2 6,600
--Serkinfawa road,
1,100 metres from
south gate of
Serkinfawa.
107 " ... ... East side of 91 1/2 7,400
Dangumchi--Soli
road, 1,100 metres
from centre of
Soli.
108 Class E. ... ... 25 metres west of 93 4,400
Danbumki--Tamli
road, 1,100 metres
from well of
Danbumki.
109 Class C. ... ... East side of Gumel-- 106 1/2 4,200
Dammakia road, 800
metres from south
gate of Dammakia.
110 " ... ... East side of Jobi-- 80 7,000
Dangaru road, 700
metres from well of
Jobi.
111 " ... ... East side of 96 6,800
Maigatali-Tumbi
road, 1,100 metres
from Maigatali
(centre).
112 " ... ... West side of Walawa-- 92 4,900
Maidiku road, 300
metres north of the
pool Tabkin Sisiwa.
113 " ... ... East side of Galadi-- 92 7,100
Maidiku road, 1,100
metres south-east of
pool Tabkin Dukuram.
114 " ... ... East side of Galadi-- 92 7,300
Kwadege road, 500
metres from well of
Kwadege.
115 " ... ... West side of Gerari-- 88 1/2 3,400
Karagua road, 4,900
metres from Karagua
(well).
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116 " ... ... West side of 43 4,600
Jerrekassa--
Karamashi road,
1,300 metres from
Karamashi (centre).
117 " ... ... 7 metres from north 42 5,900
fence of Baggo,
100 metres from the
well bearing 280°.
118 " ... ... East side of 45 6,500
Garundoli --
Banzaram road,
2,500 metres from
Garundoli (centre).
119 " ... ... East side of 44 1/2 5,400
Barambagori--Gariri
road, 800 metres
north of the pool
Tabkin Hamama.
120 " ... ... South side of 33 1/2 9,500
Karragirri--Gelewa
road, 400 metres
from west gate of
Karragirri.
121 " ... ... West side of Mattara 61 1/2 5,000
--Goaleri road,
1,100 metres from
Mattara (centre).
122 " ... ... North-east side of 35 5,500
Kavi--Dunari road,
3,900 metres from
well of Dunari.
123 Class C. ... ... North side of 45 1/2 7,800
Machinna--Geltari
road, 450 metres
east of pool Tabkin
Kangarrwa.
124 " ... ... East side of Machinna 47 5,700
--Jajayassami road,
6,300 metres from
centre of Jajayassami.
125 " ... ... East side of Machinna 68 2,900
--Tamassa road, 5,300
metres from centre
of Machinna.
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126 " ... ... East side of Machinna 67 3,900
--Gogi--Komi road,
2,700 metres from
Gogi (centre).
127 " ... ... East side of Gumzi 62 1/2 16,000
--Komi road at
point where road
crosses hill Wamjari
13,000 metres from
Gumzi (centre).
128 " ... ... West side of Gumzi-- 88 1/2 7,500
Yamia road, 11,500
metres from Gumzi
(centre).
129 " ... ... West side of Gumzi-- 87 1/2 6,800
Geurslek road,
1,200 metres north-
east of the granite
rock Kaobako situated
at the junction of
the road to Kargiri.
130 " ... ... East side of Maiori-- 84 1/2 14,300
Burburua road, 5,300
metres from Maiori
(centre).
131 " ... ... West side of 67 1/2 22,200
Dandelsando--
Geurslek road 4,100
metres north-east
of the Water Hole
Kursazia.
132 " ... ... West side of Bamusu 86 16,700
--Geurslek road,
6,100 metres from
Sirgaram and 3,700
metres from Garrarak
cross roads.
133 Class A. ... ... South side of Kaderi-- 90 8,600
Karagu road, 6,700
metres west of the
crest of Dabalia
salting.
134 Class C. ... ... 100 metres west 90 5,400
of Garoganowa--
Karagu road, on crest
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of hill 3,800 metres
from crest of Dabalia
salting.
135 " ... ... West side of Gau-- 90 33,600
Zumba road, 5,500
metres from Zumba
(centre).
136 Class E. ... ... 40 metres east of 90 2,600
Zamugu--Zumba road,
5,100 metres from
Zumba (centre).
137 " ... ... On a ridge 15 metres 90 11,100
west of Gau--
Chikrikadwa--Sheri
road, 4,900 metres
from Sheri (centre).
138 Class C. ... ... On a ridge 50 metres 88 8,200
east of Bitwa--
Kayatoa road, 2,200
metres from Kayatoa
(centre).
139 " ... ... On a ridge 50 metres 100 15,500
west of Zamugu--
Jetkorom road, 5,000
metres from Jetkorom
(centre).
140 " ... ... West side of Chillima 115 10,600
--Burduma--Jetkorom
road on crest of
hill, 2,800 metres
from Burduma (centre).
141 " ... ... 40 metres west of 101 13,200
Chillima--Bidamaram
road on the spur of
a remarkable ridge
running east and
west, 3,300 metres
from Bidamaram.
142 " ... ... East side of Geidam 102 8,800
--Adebeur road,
5,800 metres from
Adebeur at crossing
of Bidthur--
Bidamaram road.
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143 " ... ... West side of Bidthur 117 4,700
--Adebeur road,
9,300 metres from
Adebeur (centre).
144 " ... ... East side of Bidthur 125 12,200
--Maini road, 4,300
metres from Bidthur
on crest of ridge,
1,000 metres from
Bilamari pool.
145 " ... ... East side of 135 1/2 4,600
Abakomerri--Maini
road, 600 metres
from south hamlet
of Abasheri, and
3,200 metres from
Abakomerri (centre).
146 " ... ... West side of Kanema 116 1/2 5,100
--Maini road, 3,800
metres from big tree
at Kanema market.
147 " ... ... 20 metres west of 112 2,800
Kanema--Lekariri
road, 1,800 metres
from Kanema market,
on summit of ridge
bordering swamps of
Komadugu Yobe.
148 " ... ... On the left bank of 103 4,000
the River Komadugu
Yobe in the bush.
An auxiliary mark,
consisting of a
telegraph pole, is
placed on the right
bank of the river.
From beacon 148 the frontier follows a straight line bearing 90°, distance about
30 metres, till this line intersects the thalweg of the River Komadugu Yobe.
From this point the frontier follows the thalweg of the River Komadugu Yobe as far
as the mouth of the river in Lake Chad.
As the course of the Komadugu Yobe is extremely sinuous, rendering it liable to
frequent changes, it is necessary to make an arrangement providing for such a
change. The following appears the most suitable:--
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In the case of the river altering its course to the northward or westward so as to
intersect the straight line between beacons 147 and 148 to the westward of the
present point, the new thalweg of the river will constitute the frontier from the
aforesaid new point of intersection.
In the case of the river altering its course to the southward or eastward so as not to
intersect the line as described at 30 metres from beacon 148, the frontier will follow
the thalweg of the river as now existing to the point where the thalweg of this old bed
will join the thalweg of the new bed of the river.
From this point the frontier will follow the thalweg of the river as it may exist for the
time being as far as the mouth of the river in Lake Chad.
The mouth of the Komadugu Yobe has been marked by an iron telegraph pole,
cemented at the base, situated in 13° 42' 29" north latitude, 8,250 metres east of
the centre of the village of Bosso.
From this point the frontier follows the parallel of 13° 42' 29" north latitude for a
distance of 26,700 metres to the point on that parallel 35 kilom. from the centre of
Bosso.
An iron telegraph pole, set in cement, is erected on an island situated approximately
1,150 metres bearing 35° from this point.
From this point the frontier follows a straight line bearing 144° 34', distance 96,062
metres to the point where the 13th parallel of north latitude intersects the meridian
35' east of the centre of Kukawa.
The centre of Kukawa is in 12° 55' 35.5" north latitude.
The centre of Bosso is in 13° 41' 59" north latitude, 0° 15' 11" west of Kukawa.
Article II. Deflections
From the line as laid down in the Convention of the 29th May, 1906, the following
departures have been made, which are submitted for approval:--
1. At beacon 32 an area of 41 square kilom., lying in the British zone, has been
included in the French zone in order to leave under French control the village of
Kauara, which is isolated from British inhabited territory, and has been hitherto
administered from Matankari.
Page 29
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2. At beacons 33 and 34 an area of 216 square kilom., lying in the French zone,
has been included in the British zone. This area is waterless bush.
3. At beacon 54 the place named Gidan Seriki Koma could not be found, and
beacons 52, 53, 54, 55 and placed in a straight line from the point 5 kilom. south of
Malbaza to the point 5 kilom. north of Antudu. This line passes 3-1/2 kilom. from
Chigio instead of 4-1/2 as shown on the map annexed to the Protocol.
4. At beacons 58 and 59 an area of 43 square kilom., lying in the French zone, has
been included in the British zone. This area, containing three small villages
dependent on Sabon Birni isolated from French inhabited territory, was taken in
compensation for Kauara.
5. At beacons 61 and 62 an area of 285 square kilom., lying in the British zone, has
been included in the French zone. There being no direct road between Sansanne
Isa and Tibiri, it was proposed by the British Commissioners that for the point
mentioned in the Convention the point half-way as the crow flies between those two
places should be substituted.
According to the French Commissioner the point should be half-way on the road Isa-
Gidan Fadama-Tibiri, which is the shortest existing track between the two places.
The French Commissioner, having accepted the British point of view, agrees that
the positions of beacons 61 and 62 involve a deflection of 285 square kilom. This
area is waterless bush.
6. Between beacons 93 and 101 various small deflections have been made, giving
to the British the hamlet of Angua Dala, and to the French the hamlet of Danchalci,
and amounting on either side to 19 square kilom. This area is cultivated.
7. At beacon 109 an area of 9 square kilom., lying in the British zone, has been
included in the French zone. The frontier was found to cut across the northern part
of the village of Dammakia, which, being a Demagherim village, has been left in
French territory.
8. At beacon 120 an area of 14 square kilom., containing the village of Karragirri,
belonging to Machinna, has been included in the British zone in compensation for
the preceding deflection.
9. At beacon 124 the village of Lawankaka was found to have changed its name
since 1905 in consequence of the Chief having migrated to another village 4 miles
distant, near Zagari, now known as Lawankaka. The old village is now called
Jajayassami. As it appeared reasonable to suppose that the latter village was the
village intended to be designated in the Convention, the frontier was laid out
accordingly.
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The Commissioners are agreed in thinking that these deflections are of small
importance and approximately compensated.
Page 31
Page 30
APPENDIX
I. Documents
1. Declaration between the British and French Governments, respecting Madagascar
and the French Sphere of Influence South of her Mediterranean Possessions.
London, August 5, 1890. Edward Hertslet, The Map of Africa by Treaty, 3 Vols. 3rd
Edition (London: Harrison and Sons, 1909). Vol. 2, pp. 738 - 739.
2. Convention between Great Britain and France, for the Delimitation of their
respective Possessions to the West of the Niger, and of their respective
Possessions and Spheres of Influence to the East of that River. Paris, June 14,
1898 [Ratifications exchanged at Paris, June 13, 1899]. British Foreign and State
Papers (BFSP), Vol. 91 (1893 - 99) pp. 38 - 54.
3. Convention between Great Britain and France, respecting Newfoundland, and West
and Central Africa. London, April 8, 1904 [Ratifications exchanged at London,
December 8, 1904]. BFSP, Vol. 97 (1903 - 4), pp. 31 - 38.
4. Convention between Great Britain and France respecting the Delimitation of the
Frontier between the British and French Possessions to the east of the Niger
(Confirming Protocol of the 9th April 1906). London, May 29, 1906. [Ratifications
exchanged at London, August 29, 1906]. Vol. 99 (1905 - 6), pp. 194 - 202. Also
United Kingdom Treaty Series No. 14 (1906), Cd. 3158 (Contains two maps, TSGS
2178, at a scale of 1:100,000).
5. Agreement between Great Britain and France relative to the Frontier between the
British and French possessions from the Gulf of Guinea to the Niger (Southern
Nigeria and Dahomey). Notes exchanged at Paris, October 19, 1906. BFSP, Vol.
99, 1905 - 6, pp. 217 - 229. Also United Kingdom Cd 3303 (1907).
6. Agreement between the United Kingdom and France respecting the Delimitation of
the Frontier between the British and French Possessions east of the Niger (In
continuation of United Kingdom Treaty Series No. 14--1906). London. February
19, 1910 [Ratified by French note dated May 17, 1911] and British note dated July
1, 1911]. Treaty Series No. 1 (1912), Cd 6013.
II. Maps
1. French West Africa: scale 1:200,000; published 1956 - 63 by Service
Geographique de l'A.O.F, Dakar; sheets ND-31-IV (Sabongari--Kawara-Debe),
ND-31-XI (Dogondoutchi), ND-31-XII (Biri N'Konni), ND-32-X (Zinder-Est), and ND-
33-VIII (Boso).
Page 32
Page 31
2. Northern Nigeria--Anglo-French Boundary East of the Niger (to accompany Report
of Joint Commission of Delimitation Signed at Kaua, [Kauwa], 25th February 1908):
scale 1:250,000; published 1908 by United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Office,
Southhampton; T.S.C.G. No. 2388 (9 sheets indicating location of boundary pillars 1
through 148).
3. Nigeria: scale 1:500,000; published 1960 by Federal Surveys, Nigeria; sheets 1, 2,
3, and 4.
Page 33
Page 32
This International Boundary Study is one of a series of specific boundary papers prepared
by the Geographer, Office of Strategic and Functional Research, Bureau of Intelligence and
Research, Department of State, in accordance with provisions of Bureau of the Budget
Circular No. A-16.
Government agencies may obtain additional information and copies of the study by calling
the Geographer, Room 8744, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520 (Telephone:
63-22021 or 63-22022).